Does your state test raw milk for the bugs that hurt people?

Pathogens named

N/A

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

Only Grade A pasteurized may be sold to final consumers. No verified pet-food carve-out located.

Pathogens named

Four named as prohibited adulterants, but no test required

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

20,000 CFU/mL (product standard, not a mandated test)

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

40F within 2 hrs; held at or below 40F

Legal since 3/26/2023. Annual DEC registration. DEC states plainly that testing is not required; producers may test voluntarily and must report any pathogen finding. Anchorage imposes stricter local rules.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

45F or less immediately after milking

In-state bottled Grade A raw milk may be sold in retail stores. Annual TB and brucellosis testing required. No pathogen mandate found in Article 8.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

40F or below for off-farm sales

2025 acts added farmers markets, natural food stores and farm delivery. Label must state the farm and milk are NOT inspected by the state. No testing, inspection or bacteriological standards imposed.

Pathogens named

None named in statute; CDFA runs a monthly pathogen sampling program

Frequency

Monthly (CDFA pathogen sampling); 4+ samples per 6 months for SPC/coliform

Plate count

15,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

45F from milking through consumer purchase

IMPORTANT NUANCE: no statute imposes a producer pathogen-testing duty or names the four organisms, but CDFA states raw milk 'is also subject to monthly pathogen testing by the Milk and Dairy Food Safety Branch.' Market milk permit required; 90% sanitation scorecard.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

Retail sale expressly prohibited. Written contract, farm registration with CDPHE, on-farm pickup. Producer must share test results with shareholders but no specific test is mandated. ~288 herdshares registered as of Feb 2026.

Pathogens named

Listeria monocytogenes; Salmonella spp.; E. coli O157:H7; Campylobacter jejuni (also B. cereus, Y. enterocolitica)

Frequency

Quarterly (per CT DoAg); rule authorizes monthly sampling and more for cause

Plate count

30,000/mL

Coliform

50/mL

Temperature

40F within 3 hrs after milking

Retail Raw Milk Producer Permit required. Rule requires 'no detectable presence of human pathogens.' Coliform above 150/mL triggers destruction authority. Annual TB and brucellosis, monthly milk ring test.

Pathogens named

Salmonellae; Listeria monocytogenes; Campylobacter; E. coli O157:H7

Frequency

Every 6 months (pathogens); weekly (bacteria/coliform); monthly (somatic cell)

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

40F within 2 hrs; blend not above 50F

Legalized by Consumer Milk Choice Act (SB 273, Sept 2024); regs effective June 1, 2025. Permit required; new permits need 3 compliant samples 7+ days apart and a risk management plan. Sale only where produced unless Dept approves otherwise.

Pathogens named

N/A

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

Only Grade A pasteurized to consumers or food service. Raw milk cheese aged 60+ days above 35F may be sold. No verified pet-food carve-out located.

Pathogens named

Campylobacter spp.; E. coli serotypes incl. O157:H7; Listeria monocytogenes; Salmonella spp.

Frequency

Quarterly (pathogens), plus prior to permitting and on any outbreak; 4+ samples per 6 months for indicators

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

50F within 4 hrs of starting milking, then 45F within 2 more hrs

Effective July 1, 2023. Direct producer-to-consumer only; wholesale and third-party retail not authorized. Rules expressly exclude farm-share and dairy-share arrangements. Annual GDA permit.

Pathogens named

N/A

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

Only Grade A pasteurized may be sold to final consumers. No herdshare carve-out found in Chapter 11-15.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

ISDA permit required. MAJOR CHANGE: chapter rewritten under Zero-Based Regulation review effective 3/31/2022. Current section 013 contains ONLY brucellosis and TB requirements. Pre-2022 bacteria/coliform/SCC/cooling limits are GONE. Older secondary sources citing 15,000/25 are out of date.

Pathogens named

None named (rule says only 'pathogens')

Frequency

On outbreak or high risk of infection only; routine indicator testing 4x per 6 months

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

45F within 4 hrs of beginning milking; 41F if not sold within 4 hrs

Raw milk permit required. On-farm sales only; resale prohibited. Rule 775.55(f)(4): pathogen testing required only 'in response to a foodborne outbreak or when a high risk of infection exists.' No organisms named anywhere in the section.

Pathogens named

N/A

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

BOAH advisory dated March 9, 2026 confirms prohibition and requires removal of raw milk advertising unless clearly marked not for human consumption. No herdshare authorization located.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

25,000 CFU/mL

Coliform

10 CFU/mL

Temperature

Not more than 45F before distribution

Enacted by SF 315 (2023). NO permit, license or inspection: section 195.4 forbids the department from adopting rules. Max 10 dairy animals. Monthly coliform and SPC test per animal required, plus annual vet exam. No pathogen testing anywhere in ch. 195.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

On-farm retail sale only, producer directly to final consumer. Labeling and advertising governed by K.S.A. 65-792 (eff. July 2022). No permit, inspection, bacterial, somatic cell, temperature or pathogen requirement located.

Pathogens named

None named (rule says only 'pathogenic organisms')

Frequency

Every 2 months (pathogens); monthly (indicators)

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

36F to 40F or less within 2 hrs

GOAT MILK ONLY, and only on a physician's written recommendation for a named individual. Raw cow milk sale remains prohibited. Permit required. Any pathogen finding triggers immediate permit suspension. HB 86 (2025) to legalize general sales died in committee.

Pathogens named

N/A (monthly Salmonella test applies to the pet-food product)

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

Human consumption prohibited. Act 699 (2024) was enrolled into the COMMERCIAL FEEDS title, not the human food law. Requires 'NOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION' label and monthly Salmonella testing of the pet-food product. CAUTION: the bill digest describes an earlier human-consumption version that is NOT current law.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

50,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

45F or less and maintained

Milk distributor license plus producer permit required; no volume exemption. 4 samples in 4 separate months per 6-month period for bacteria, drug residue, coliform and temperature. No pathogen testing required. NOTE: the 100,000/mL figure on some state pages is the standard for milk intended for pasteurization, not consumer raw milk.

Pathogens named

N/A

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

Sale for human consumption prohibited. Permitted producers may move raw milk only into the pasteurization stream. No herdshare carve-out in the regulation.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A for pathogens; indicator sampling at least monthly over any 6-month period

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

40F within 2 hrs; blend not above 50F

MDAR Certificate of Registration required. Sales limited to the certified farm; DPH states raw milk may not be sold at any other food establishment. Milk held over 48 hours may not be sold. MDAR's imminent-hazard policy triggers only on SPC 100,000+, coliform 100+, or antibiotic residue. Names no pathogens.

Pathogens named

N/A

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

MDARD: 'Selling raw milk or raw milk products is illegal in Michigan,' except properly aged raw milk cheese. HERDSHARES NOT VERIFIED: widely reported to operate under a 2013 MDARD policy, but no primary state source could be retrieved. PENDING: HB 5217/5218/5219 (introduced Jan 2026) would authorize direct farm-to-consumer sales.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

Statutory exemption for milk 'occasionally secured or purchased for personal use by a consumer at the place or farm where the milk is produced.' MDA states farmers may not bottle raw milk for sale and any off-farm sale violates state law. No permit, inspection or testing attaches to the exemption.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

RAW GOAT MILK ONLY; raw cow milk prohibited. Max 9 producing goats. No advertising. Direct to consumer on the premises. Sanitation conditions specified (cement floor, screening, fly strap, sterile containers) but no permit, lab testing, bacterial limit or temperature standard.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

Individual may purchase and have delivered raw milk from a farm for own use. AG Opinion 113-73: point of origin is the producer's farm; no off-site distribution center sales. State Milk Board regs cover only Grade A pasteurized and raw-for-pasteurization; no rule implements 196.935.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

Indicators every 6 months; brucellosis annually. No pathogen testing.

Plate count

Not specified (test required, no numeric limit set)

Coliform

Not specified (test required, no numeric limit set)

Temperature

Not specified

Montana Local Food Choice Act (SB 199, 2021). 'Small dairy' = max 5 lactating cows or 10 goats/sheep. NO license or inspection. Sales allowed direct, at farmers markets and by in-state delivery route; not to restaurants or licensed retail. Must test SPC, coliform and somatic cells every 6 months but the statute sets NO numeric limits and names no pathogens.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

Milk sold at the farm directly to customers is EXEMPT from the Nebraska Milk Act entirely, so no permit, inspection, testing, bacterial limit or temperature standard applies. Unamended since 2007.

Pathogens named

Salmonella only

Frequency

Monthly

Plate count

10,000/mL at delivery

Coliform

10/mL at delivery

Temperature

45F immediately after drawing, maintained to delivery

NAC 584.2141 requires monthly SPC, coliform, Salmonella and antibiotic testing. Listeria, Campylobacter and E. coli O157:H7 are NOT named anywhere in NAC 584. IMPORTANT: requires a county milk commission; NDA states none are currently established and the Nevada Dairy Commission states no raw milk products are approved for sale in Nevada at this time.

Pathogens named

E. coli O157:H7; Listeria monocytogenes; Campylobacter; Salmonella

Frequency

On exceedance only - triggered when coliform exceeds the standard on 3 of any 5 consecutive samples

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

40F or less until delivered

Retail store sale permitted. Producers under 20 gal/day are EXEMPT from milk plant licensing and from the Mil 301.03 testing regime, so the pathogen trigger applies only to licensed producer-distributors. On a pathogen finding the producer must recall and cease sales until retesting is clean.

Pathogens named

N/A

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

NJDOH: sale of raw fluid milk to the ultimate consumer is prohibited, except cheese aged 60+ days at 35F or below. Enforced with cease-and-desist orders against delivery operations.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A (6 samples per distributor on separate days each 6 months for indicators)

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

50/mL

Temperature

45F to 32F within 2 hrs, maintained until sold

Retail sale expressly authorized by statute. NMDA permit required. Rule requires plate counts, direct microscopic counts and coliform determinations but names no pathogens and requires no pathogen testing. Albuquerque has a separate local ordinance.

Pathogens named

E. coli O157:H7; Campylobacter; Listeria; Salmonella (state checklist adds Staphylococci)

Frequency

Initially and quarterly

Plate count

30,000/mL

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

45F

Part 2 raw milk permit required. Sales only directly to a consumer ON the dairy farm where produced; no retail, delivery or off-farm sales. Regulation itself names no pathogens; the four appear on NYSDAM's permit page, which requires testing 'initially and quarterly.' Conspicuous notice sign required.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

Sale for human consumption prohibited. Animal-feed sale requires 'NOT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION' in half-inch letters. Subsection (d) permits dispensing to an independent or partial owner of a lactating animal for personal use, which is the herdshare carve-out.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

Farm may sell directly to the end consumer for personal consumption. No wholesale, retail store, out-of-state or donated sales. Subsection (3) EXEMPTS such farms from the rest of the chapter and from five other chapters, so no license, inspection, testing or bacteriological standard applies. Expanded to raw milk products by HB 1131, signed March 26, 2025.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

Only retailers continuously in business since before Oct 31, 1965 may sell; no new sellers may enter. Herdshares are not authorized by statute and operate in a legal gray area per OSU Extension. Sub. HB 406 (Aug 2025) to legalize registered sales was still in committee as of March 2026.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

'Incidental sales' carve-out removes these sales from the Milk and Milk Products Act, so no permit, inspection, bacteriological standard or pathogen testing applies. RECENT: SB 2028 signed May 7, 2026, reportedly raising the monthly cap to 1,500 gallons and permitting advertising. Enrolled text could NOT be retrieved (oklegislature.gov robots-blocked), so those details are unverified.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

Small-herd exemption only: max 3 dairy cows that have calved (max 2 producing on premises), or 9 sheep or 9 goats. Sale directly to the consumer at the premises. Producers under this exemption are EXPRESSLY exempt from grading, licensing, labeling, testing and pasteurization requirements.

Pathogens named

Salmonellae; Listeria monocytogenes; Campylobacter; E. coli O157:H7

Frequency

Every 6 months (pathogens); at least twice each month (bacteria, coliform, somatic cell, drug residue)

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

40F within 2 hrs after milking

PDA raw milk permit required. Subchapter F imposes no on-farm-only restriction; PDA offers a 'Raw Bottler' permit category for off-farm sale and raw milk is sold in PA retail stores. Pre-permit: 3 unannounced samples 7+ days apart analyzed for pathogens. PDA treats buyer's clubs and herd shares as sales requiring a permit.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

Pasteurization required. Sole fluid carve-out: a physician may authorize an individual sale of GOAT milk by written signed prescription. Raw milk cheese production permitted separately under 21-2-7.1. Legalization bills have repeatedly failed.

Pathogens named

E. coli O157:H7; Salmonella; Listeria monocytogenes; Campylobacter (plus generic E. coli)

Frequency

Before permitting and on a foodborne outbreak; otherwise Department sets frequency by product risk

Plate count

10,000/mL

Coliform

10 per gram

Temperature

50F within 4 hrs of start of first milking, then 45F within 2 hrs

Producer permit required; distributors and retailers need no permit if product is unaltered, so retail sale is expressly allowed. Zero-tolerance standard for all five organisms. Rule states plainly: 'Pathogenic testing required before permitting and in association with a foodborne disease outbreak' - hence conditional, not scheduled.

Pathogens named

Salmonella; Listeria monocytogenes; Campylobacter spp.; STEC incl. O157:H7

Frequency

Monthly

Plate count

30,000/mL

Coliform

Not specified (test required, no numeric limit)

Temperature

45F or less

Producer license $50/yr plus $50/yr inspection. Monthly samples taken FROM THE CONSUMER CONTAINER and tested at an approved accredited lab for bacteria, coliform, somatic cells, drug residue and the four pathogens. Positive result triggers consumer notification, product removal and permit suspension. Farmers-market and retail-store sales prohibited.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

Sale to final consumers prohibited. Herdshares permitted for an independent or partial owner's personal use. Operators must keep ownership contracts with a health warning and 3 years of records, and must permit inspection within 24 hours on suspected contamination. No testing, bacteriological or temperature standards.

Pathogens named

Salmonella; Listeria monocytogenes; E. coli O157:H7; Campylobacter sp. (DSHS also tests Yersinia enterocolitica and Staph aureus enterotoxin)

Frequency

Quarterly

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

45F within 2 hrs after milking

Grade A Raw for Retail Permit required. NOTE: despite the permit's name, sale is direct to consumers at the dairy farm or by delivery to an agreed location; third-party retail store sale is NOT authorized. DSHS samples each farm at least quarterly. Any pathogen or antibiotic finding triggers detention and recall.

Pathogens named

STEC; Listeria monocytogenes; Salmonella; Campylobacter

Frequency

On exceedance only - triggered when bacterial count exceeds 40,000 CFU/mL or the producer is implicated in an outbreak

Plate count

20,000 CFU/mL

Coliform

10 CFU/mL

Temperature

50F within 1 hr, then 41F within 2 hrs, maintained at 41F

MAJOR RECENT CHANGE: H.B. 179 signed March 26, 2026, effective May 6, 2026. Repealed 4-3-503, enacted 4-3-601 et seq. Now permits sale at any department-inspected retail establishment, removing the old 51%-producer-ownership requirement. Each batch must be tested for bacteria and coliform before sale. Farm-only sellers are exempt from permitting but must run a monthly coliform test. R70-330 had not been conformed to the new statute at time of research.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

15,000 CFU/mL (Tier 2 only)

Coliform

10 CFU/mL (Tier 2 only)

Temperature

40F or lower within 2 hrs of finish of milking

Two tiers. Tier 1 (up to 87.5 gal/week): no laboratory testing at all. Tier 2 (87.5-350 gal/week): registration, annual inspection, testing twice monthly for aerobic bacteria, coliform and somatic cells. Neither tier requires pathogen-specific testing or names any of the four organisms. Tier 2 may deliver to homes and sell at farmers markets. Over 350 gal/week prohibited.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

N/A

Coliform

N/A

Temperature

N/A

No person may sell, barter or trade unpasteurized milk intended for human consumption. No exceptions in the regulation. HERDSHARES NOT VERIFIED: a full review of Va. Code Title 3.2 Ch. 52 found no herdshare provision, and no VDACS policy document could be located.

Pathogens named

Campylobacter; E. coli O157:H7; STEC; Listeria monocytogenes; Salmonella

Frequency

Approximately monthly

Plate count

20,000/mL

Coliform

10/mL

Temperature

40F within 2 hrs of milking

Requires BOTH a Milk Producer License and a Milk Processing Plant License. WSDA collects and tests retail raw milk about once a month and conducts pathogen surveillance for all five organisms plus antibiotic and pesticide screening. Sales permitted at grocery stores, farmers markets, on-farm and by delivery; prohibited to restaurants and institutions.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

35F to 40F until the exchange of sale

RECENT CHANGE: statute amended 2024; implementing rule Series 61-41 effective May 8, 2025 (sunset Aug 1, 2029). Rule places no restriction on location of sale. No permit and no laboratory testing required; rule sets no bacteriological standards and names no pathogens. NOTE: WVDA's Exempt Dairy Farm page still says sale is prohibited except via herd shares and appears not updated.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not verified

Coliform

Not verified

Temperature

Not verified

Sales prohibited except 'incidental sales of milk directly to consumers at the dairy farm where the milk is produced.' DATCP: illegal if made in the regular course of business or preceded by advertising. Purchaser must supply their own sanitized container. DATCP states herd shares do NOT qualify. Numeric grade A limits in ATCP 65 could not be retrieved (source robots-blocked) so are marked Not verified rather than estimated.

Pathogens named

None

Frequency

N/A

Plate count

Not specified

Coliform

Not specified

Temperature

Not specified

Food Freedom Act EXEMPTS qualifying dairy from licensure, permitting, inspection, packaging and labeling. No permit, no inspection, no required testing of any kind. Third-party vendors including retail shops and grocery stores may sell. Must be labeled as made in a home kitchen, not regulated or inspected. Intrastate only; not to licensed commercial food establishments.